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Race and Sex Discrimination
See also: Race
Discrimination; Sex Discrimination
A black woman claimed
that a state Department of Transportation's State Highway Administration
refused to hire her for two different positions that she applied for because
of her race and sex, despite her being "highly qualified." She
claimed that the employer's decision makers were biased and "pre-determined"
that they would only hire white applicants for the jobs. A federal appeals
court upheld the dismissal of the lawsuit, finding that the plaintiff failed
to adequately allege any facts that supported her claims that the employer
discriminated against her because she was African-American or female. An
adequate complaint must allege more than a "sheer possibility"
that an employer has acted unlawfully. McCleary-Evans v. Maryland Department
of Transportation, #13-2488, 780 F.3d 582 (4th Cir. 2015).
A white male employee
of a state highway and transportation department claimed that his firing
constituted race and sex discrimination. Rejecting these claims, the federal
appeals court found sufficient evidence that the employer fired him for
violations of its sexual harassment policy. The plaintiff failed to show
that this was a pretext or that the defendants believed or should have
known that the sexual harassment allegations were false. Moody v. Vozel,
#13-3772, 771 F.3d 1093 (8th Cir. 2014).
An African-American woman serving in the U.S. Coast
Guard Housing Office at an air station claimed that she was denied a promotion
to the job of housing manager there because of her race and her gender.
The defendant was entitled to summary judgment because the plaintiff failed
to create a genuine issue of material fact on her claim that the non-discriminatory
reason given for choosing another candidate for the job was a pretext.
Based on the evidence presented no reasonable jury could come to the conclusion
that the plaintiff's qualifications so outweighed those of the white male
who got the job that it was more likely than not that discriminatory animus
on the basis of race and gender clinched the job for him. Her qualifications
were, indeed, superior to his in some areas, but his were also superior
to hers in other areas. Hicks
v. Johnson, #13-1741, 2014 U.S. App. Lexis 11664; 123 Fair Empl. Prac.
Cas. (BNA) 473 (1st Cir.).
A male Cuban-American was not selected for
a job with the Library of Congress Office of Diversity which was given
to a female African-American applicant. He sued under Title VII, claiming
race, sex, and national origin discrimination. After a jury found for the
defendant employer, he appealed, arguing that the trial judge erred in
instructing the jury that it had to find that discrimination was the "sole
reason" for his non-selection in order to hold for him. He argued
that "sole reason" was the wrong legal standard. The federal
appeals court agreed that the term "sole reason" should not have
been used, but upheld the jury verdict on the basis that "sole reason"
had been further defined for them in the instructions as the "but
for" cause. With that definition, the instructions adequately conveyed
the law. Ponce v. Billington, #11-5117, 679 F.3d 840 (D.C. Cir. 2012).
A
federal appeals court has upheld the invalidation of a requirement that
applicants for jobs with the fire department be local residents, agreeing
with a finding that it has a disparate impact on African-American applicants.
Statistical analysis indicated that the department should employ approximately
sixty-five African-American firefighters, but under the residency rule
currently employed only two. The department services five municipalities
with heavy Hispanic populations. The residency requirement was not supported
by a business necessity justification in that it was not linked to the
minimum qualifications for firefighter jobs. The NAACP v. N. Hudson Regional
Fire & Rescue, #10-3965, 2011 U.S. App. Lexis 24562.
A 49-year-old Cape Verdean black female employee
of a county sheriff's department failed to show that she had been subjected
to age, gender, race or national origin discrimination when she was passed
over for promotion to computer programming jobs that were given to two
younger white employees, one male and the other female. One had a computer-related
associate's degrees and both had years of experience in intranet/internet
user interface development. While the plaintiff also had a similar associates
degree, her experience in a computer-related job was eleven years ago,
and her experience was with a now long outdated DOS-based computer system
that is no longer used. Additionally, she received the lowest exam and
interview scores. Her current position as a budget administrator did not
involve any use of computer skills. The court agreed that she simply wasn't
qualified for the position she sought. Goncalves v. Plymouth County Sheriff's
Department, #10-2063, 2011 U.S. App. Lexis 20397, 113 Fair Empl. Prac.
Cas. (BNA) 805 (1st Cir.).
Two candidates for firefighter jobs who were
placed on the eligibility list after written and physical fitness tests
and interviews claimed they were not hired because one of them is a woman
and the other Native American. Rejecting these discrimination claims, a
federal appeals court noted that both of the plaintiffs ranked low on the
eligibility list, and had failed to show that the reasons given for the
decisions not to hire them were pretexts for discrimination. Several of
the jobs filled were funded by the federal government under the Staffing
for Adequate Fire and Emergency Response (SAFER) grant program, encouraging
cities to recruit racial minorities and women. This, however, did not alter
the result, and allegedly negative remarks about SAFER did not constitute
direct evidence that discrimination had occurred. Torgerson v. City of
Rochester, #09-1131, 2011 U.S. App. Lexis 10938;112 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas.
(BNA) 613 (8th Cir.).
Fifth Circuit reinstates
a Title VII action brought by a terminated black female police academy
trainee. An instructor allegedly told her that "she would not pass
the academy, that he would do everything he could to get rid of her, and
that he hoped he never had to see her face again." Williams v. City
of Tupelo, #10-60679, 2011 U.S. App. Lexis 4035, 111 FEP. Cases (BNA) 1471
(Unpub. 5th Cir.).
Fourth Circuit reinstates a bias action brought
by a black female firefighter who was not promoted to captain. She twice
had passed both a written test and an experiential assessment, had positive
performance reviews, had served as an acting captain on numerous occasions
without incident and had administrative and training experience. Because
management gave shifting and inconsistent reasons for her rejection, it
raised questions about whether the failure to promote her was a mere pretext
for discrimination. Wesley v. Arlington Co., #08-2063, 2009 U.S. App. Lexis
26554, 107 FEP Cases (BNA) 1732 (Unpub. 4th Cir.).
Federal appeals court rejects the discrimination
and retaliation claims of a terminated African-American sheriff’s investigator.
The retaliation claims failed because management had legitimate reasons
for her discharge, including citizen complaints, disciplinary problems,
and performance deficiencies. Ramsay v. Broward Co. Sheriff’s Office, #08-10474,
2008 U.S. App. Lexis 25406 (Unpub. 11th Cir.).
"Title VII was enacted to prohibit discrimination
on the basis of race, gender, and other legislatively enumerated grounds.
It is not a statute intended to police standards of general fairness in
the workplace, or even to protect against the firing of an employee in
order to cover up wrongdoing by an employer." Lightner v. City of
Wilmington, #071442, 2008 U.S. App. Lexis 22688, 104 FEP Cases (BNA) 1155
(4th Cir.).
Study shows that job discrimination plaintiffs
win only 15% of the time. "The most significant observation about
the district courts' adjudication of these cases is the long-run lack of
success for employment discrimination plaintiffs relative to other plaintiffs.
Over the period of 1979-2006 in federal court, the plaintiff win rate for
jobs cases (15%) was lower than that for non jobs cases (51%)." Employment
Discrimination Plaintiffs in Federal Court: From Bad to Worse?, 3 (1) Harvard
Law & Policy Review 1 at 30 (Winter 2009).
Federal court declines to dismiss a suit
against the NYPD alleging race, nationality, gender and disability discrimination,
a hostile work environment and retaliation. The plaintiff was terminated
two weeks after filing an EEOC complaint and a male officer, whom had failed
to disclose psychological treatment on his job application, was not terminated.
Rodriguez v. City of N.Y., #05-CV-5117, 2008 U.S. Dist. Lexis 9966 (E.D.N.Y.).
Female black applicant who was rejected for
employment as an immigration inspector because of prior her workplace misconduct
and public drunkenness, failed to show that the use of background checks
had disparate impact on blacks or women. Crawford v. Dept. of Homeland
Security, 101 FEP Cases (BNA) 948, 2007 U.S. App. Lexis 19540 (5th Cir.)
EEOC endorses arbitration and mediation over
litigation to resolve workplace bias claims, citing the lower costs and
fewer delays. Report: ADR in the Federal Sector EEO Process for FY 2006.
Ohio Supreme Court upholds a program to add
hiring preference points for firefighter candidates that successfully complete
an apprentice program designed to increase diversity. IAFF L-136 v. Dayton
Civil Serv. Bd., #2004-1103, 107 Ohio St.3d 10, 2005 Ohio 5826, 836 N.E.2d
544, 2005 Ohio Lexis 2672 (2005). [2006 FP Mar]
Seventh Circuit rejects a gender and race
lawsuit filed by a black female city employee, who was rejected for a superior
job position, in favor of a white male. "We do not sit as a superpersonnel
department where disappointed applicants or employees can have the merits
of an employer's decision replayed." Blise v. Antaramian, No. 04-1908,
95 FEP Cases (BNA) 1459, 2005 U.S. App. Lexis 9980 (7th Cir. 2005). {N/R}
EEOC applies new management guidelines to
promote diversity and de-emphasize raw statistics when measuring the federal
workforce. EEOC Management Directive 715.
Appeals court rejects suit filed by two black
male state employees because the agency head chose a white female to be
the agency's business manager; she had a degree in business administration
and accounting, was a Certified Public Accountant, had extensive experience
in finance and accounting, and had served as the Chief Financial Officer
for various businesses. Bankhead v. Knickrehm, #03-2356EA, 2004 U.S. App.
Lexis 4621 (8th Cir. 2004). {N/R}
EEOC adopts a new federal sector management
directive that emphasizes general principles for achieving equal employment
opportunity goals and agency self-assessments of their progress. Management
Directive 715 (eff. Oct. 1, 2003). {N/R}
A black female
who received a pay raise that $658 smaller than that of a younger light-skinned
black male colleague did not suffer an adverse employment action. Milligan
v. Citibank, #00 Civ. 2793, 2001 U.S. Dist. Lexis 16105 (S.D.N.Y. 2001).
[N/R]
State parole officer's race and sex discrimination
claims were time-barred; the court rejected her continuing violation claims.
Weeks v. New York St. Div. of Parole, #00-0211, 273 F.3d 76, 2001 U.S.
App. Lexis 23586, 87 FEP Cases (BNA) 161 (2nd Cir. 2001). [N/R]
Federal court dismisses a 1983 suit against
the chief and another, alleging that criminal charges were maliciously
brought against two police employees who were charged criminally with the
misuse of computers. Lyles v. Montgomery Co., #DKC 2000-2021, 162 F.Supp.2d
402, 2001 U.S. Dist. Lexis 18950 (D. Md. 2001). [2002 FP Mar]
Federal appeals court affirms verdicts of
$900,000 against a county, plus $300,000 in compensatory and $1,350,000
in punitive damages against two county officials, to be divided equally
by three white county employees who proved that they had been subjected
to disciplinary action because of their race. Lambert v. Fulton Co., #00-14272,
253 F.3d 588, 2001 U.S. App. Lexis 11761 (11th Cir.). [2001 FP 105-6]
Federal appeals court rejects the discrimination
claims of a terminated African American woman state trooper; appellate
panel holds that the state had service-related reasons to dismiss her --
bad driving, poor anger management and untruthfulness. Bogren v. Minnesota,
#99-3516, 236 F.3d 399, 85 FEP Cases (BNA) 67, 2000 U.S. App. Lexis 33574
(8th Cir. 2000). {N/R}
Seventh Circuit upholds Title VII suits by
hired "testers" -- persons who do not actually want the jobs
applied for, but are seeking to end discriminatory practices. Kyles v.
JK Guardian Security, #98-3652, 222 F.3d 289, 2000 U.S. App. Lexis 15542,
83 FEP Cases (BNA) 404 (7th Cir.). See also, EEOC Doc. 915-062, Policy
Guide on Use of Testers in Employment Selection Process (1990); EEOC Doc.
N-915.002, "Enforcement Guidance: Whether Testers Can File Charges
and Litigate Claims of Employment Discrimination" (1996); FEP Manual
(BNA) 405:6899 (2000). [2000 FP 140-1]
Federal appeals court upholds content-based
exam for Chicago police lieutenants, including an eligibility list based
on test results, except for a small number of set-asides for minority candidates.
Bryant v. Chicago, #99-1272, 200 F.3d 1092, 2000 U.S. App. Lexis 528 (7th
Cir.). [2000 FP 122-3]
Supreme Court denies an enhanced disability
claim brought by a former NYPD officer, who claimed she was the victim
of racial and gender bias. She then alleged the federal appeals court is
corrupt and racketeer influenced. Brown v. N.Y.C. Police Dept., #99-7555,
1999 U.S. App. Lexis 30450; cert.den. #99-1352, 2000 U.S. Lexis 2605, 120
S.Ct. 1674 (4-17-2000). [2000 FP 90]
Federal appeals court holds than employees
who are seriously assaulted by a coworker because of their race or gender
can sue for a Title VII hostile work environment. Smith v. Sheahan, No.
98-2445, 189 F.3d 529, 1999 U.S. App. Lexis 20279, 80 FEP Cases (BNA) 1071
(7th Cir. 1999). [2000 FP 58]
White former police officer settles his age
and race reverse discrimination suit for $650,000. Shaw v. City of Sacramento,
#95-CV-01130, 37 (1833) G.E.R.R. (BNA) 1360 (E.D. Calif. 1999). {N/R}
Federal appeals court rejects Dallas Fire
Dept. affirmative action plan that passed over white and Native American
male firefighters; no proof of race or gender bias since 1976 consent decree.
Dallas Fire Fighters Assn. v. City of Dallas, #96-11138, 150 F.3d 438,
1998 U.S. App. Lexis 17850, 77 FEP Cases (BNA) 1025 (5th Cir.). [1998 FP
170-1]
Promotion of subordinate who is romantically
involved with her superior did not violate Title VII. Taken v. Okla., 125
F.3d 1366, 1997 U.S.App. Lexis 26999 (10th Cir). [1998 FP 11-12]
Note: See King v. Palmer, 598 F. Supp. 65
(D.D.C. 1984), rev'd other grds., 778 F.2d 878 (D.C. Cir. 1985) where a
Dept. of Corrections nurse was allowed to sue for sex discrimination because
a superior favored another worker with whom he was having a sexual relationship.
Most cases hold to the contrary, however.
Divided appeals court rejects a Title VII
retaliation suit by former employee. Robinson v. Shell Oil Co., 70 F.3d
325 (En banc, 4th Cir. 1995). [1996 FP 108] Note: Supreme Court reverses,
see 519 U.S. 337, 117 S.Ct. 843, 1997 U.S. Lexis 690, 72 FEP Cases (BNA)
1856. [1997 FP 74]
Univ. No. Car. agrees to pay $330,000 to
settle claims brought by a black woman police officer who was allegedly
denied a promotion and was subjected to retaliatory conduct for raising
her discrimination claims. Edwards v. Univ. N.C., 33 (1629) G.E.R.R. (BNA)
1108 (8/14/95). {N/R}
Title VII does not confer jurisdiction on
the courts to review a management/executive decision to revoke a federal
security clearance. Brazil v. U.S. Navy, 1995 U.S. App. Lexis 26038 (9th
Cir. 1995). {N/R}
Sheriff's deputies and dispatchers are "employees"
under Title VII, and are not the personal subordinates of the sheriff simply
because they serve at his pleasure. Johnson v. Bd. of Co. Cmsnrs., 859
F.Supp. 438 (D.Colo. 1994). {N/R}
Issuance of reprimands for uncontested behavior
did not violate equal protection. Redpath v. Overland Park, 857 F.Supp.
1448 (D.Kan. 1994). {N/R}
State of New Jersey settles Justice Dept.
suit alleging selection bias for corrections and law enforcement positions.
State will pay $7,475,000 in back pay and benefits. U.S. v. St. of New
Jersey, (D.N.J. 1994). [1994 FP 106]
President signs the Civil Rights Act of 1991
which reverses seven Supreme Court decisions. Act covers collateral attacks
of consent decrees, business necessity, jury trials where compensatory
or punitive damages are sought, disparate impact, filing times, expert
witness fees, extraterritoriality, judgment interest, mixed motive discipline
and terminations, race norming of test scores, post-employment bias, and
seniority system challenge time periods. Act reverses Martin v. Wilks,
109 S.Ct. 2180 (1989); Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio, 109 S.Ct. 2115
(1989); West Va. Univ. Hospitals v. Casey, 111 S.Ct. 1138 (1991); EEOC
v. Arabian Amer. Oil Co., 111 S.Ct. 1227 (1991); Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins,
490 U.S. 228, 109 S.Ct. 1775 (1989); Patterson v. McLean Credit Un., 109
S.Ct. 2363 (1989); Lorance v. A.T.&T. Technologies, 109 S.Ct. 2261
(1989). [1992 FP 9-11]
DC Federal Court declines to apply 1991 Civil
Rights Act retroactively. Van Meter v. Barr, 803 F.Supp. 444, 1992 U.S.
Dist. Lexis 16507, 60 FEP Cases (BNA) 193 (D.D.C. 1992). [1992 FP 26 &
43-4]
Ø Article: J. Ronzio, Esq. and G.
Kiser, Esq., "The Civil Rights Act of 1991." 59 (5) The Police
Chief (IACP) 11-12 (May 1992). A succinct summary of the changes.
White male, who was dismissed for inefficiency
after his black superior called him a "white token" and a "white
faggot," loses his race and sex discrimination claim for lack of proof
discriminatory factors motivated his termination. Young v. City of Houston,
906 F.2d 177 (5th Cir. 1990).
Preservice agility tests for St. Paul Fire
Dept. ruled discriminatory and unsupported by realistic job requirements.
Minn. Dept. of Human Rts. v. City of St. Paul, Office of Admin. Hrgs. #8-1700-3224-2,
28 (1380) G.E.R.R. (BNA) 1143 (8/24/90).
Consent decrees attempt to correct many wrongs
within a total picture of discrimination. Individualized relief for a few
is an insufficient basis to modify or set aside a broadly based consent
decree. U.S. v. City of Chicago, 908 F.2d 197 (7th Cir. 1990).
U.S. Supreme Court increases burden of proof
on alleged victims of discrimination who claim disparate treatment. Mere
fact they disproportionately hold lower paying pay positions is not proof
of discrimination. Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio, #87-1387, 109 S.Ct.
2115 (1989), reversing 827 F.2d 439 (9th Cir. 1987).
New York's highest court upholds $15,000
award for mental suffering and reinstatement; white woman was forced to
resign because of her race and sex. State Div. of Human Rights v. Co. of
Onondaga Sheriff's Dept., 71 N.Y.2d 623, 528 N.Y.S.2d 802, 524 N.E.2d 123
(1988).
Two demoted white officers win, two lose,
reverse political discrimination suit against the Chicago police dept.
jury awards $90,000. Luchtenberg v. City of Chicago, U.S. Dist. Ct. (N.D.
Ill. 8/9/88).
D.C. fire battalion chiefs prove reverse
discrimination claims in deputy chief selection process. Dougherty v. Barry,
607 F.Supp. 1271 (D.D.C. 1985).
White male police applicant wins reverse
discrimination suit; city's affirmative action plan was deficient. Lilly
v. City of Beckley, 615 F.Supp. 137 (S.D. W.Va., 1985).
Federal appeals court rejects "reverse
discrimination" claims in Detroit fire department; Memphis case distinguished.
Van Aken v. Young, 750 F.2d 43 (1984).
Justice Dept. joins in suit by white firefighters
who are suing for "reverse discrimination." Wilks v. Arrington,
U.S. Dist. Court, Birmingham (1985).
City could pass over white with higher score
and promote black captain; not "reverse discrimination'. Talbert v.
City of Richmond, 25 FEP Cases (BNA)953, 648 F.2d 925 (4th Cir. 1981).
White Berkeley firefighters win appeal of
reverse discrimination suit; appellate court orders award of attorney fees.
Hiatt v. City of Berkeley, 151 Cal.Rptr. 895 (App. 1979).
White police officers in Detroit win "reverse
discrimination" case; promotional quotas outlawed as discriminatory.
Detroit Police Officers Assn. v. Young, 446 F.Supp. 979 (E.D. Mich. 1978).
Reverse Discrimination. McDonald v. Santa
Fe Train Transportation Co., 427 U.S. 273, 96 S.Ct. 2574 (1976).
New Jersey court reverses racial hiring quota;
condemns reverse discrimination as unconstitutional. Lige v. Town of Montclair,
134 N.J.Super. 277, 340 A.2d 660 (1975).
Chicago agrees to mammoth $9 million back
pay award to women, blacks and Hispanics for hiring and promotional discrimination.
U.S. v. City of Chicago, U.S. Dist. Ct. (N.D. Ill. 3/25/88), DoJ Ref. 88-113.
North Carolina fire dept. agrees to pay damages
to rejected black applicants, to further minority recruitment and end practice
of segregation in assignments and sleeping accommodations. U.S. v. City
of Jacksonville, N.C., U.S. Dist. Ct. (E.D.N.C. 4/24/87).
Long Island police sign consent decree; $508,000
in back pay claims and new testing procedures ordered. U.S. v. Suffolk
Co., N.Y. (E.D.N.Y. 1986).
Justice Department claims Little Rock Fire
Dep't has failed to comply with their consent decree. U.S. v. City of Little
Rock, Ark., U.S. Dist. Ct. (D.Ark. 1985).
Kansas City loses in try to require police
union to contribute on discrimination suit. Gray v. City of Kansas City,
603 F.Supp. 872 (D.Kan. 1985).
Consent decree requires back pay awards to
87 unsuccessful police and fire applicants in Louisiana. U.S. v. City of
Lafayette and Morgan City, La., U.S. Dist. Ct. (E.D. La. 1985).
Federal Court rejects Justice Dept. claim
police dept. failed to adequately recruit minorities and women; efforts
cited. U.S. v. City of Yonkers, 609 F.Supp. 1281 (S.D.N.Y. 1984).
Chief and others need not be named in EEOC
complaint in order to be sued in federal court. Scott v. City of Overland
Park, 595 F.Supp. 520 (D.Kan. 1984).
Justice dept. notifies police and fire agencies
under contract decree to comply with Memphis case.
Justice department sues Las Vegas for sex
and race discrimination in its metro police dept. U.S. v. Las Vegas Metropolitan
Police Dept., et al., U.S. Dist. Ct. (D.Nev. 1985).
Justice department files anti bias suit against
Suffolk County, Long Island, police department -- nation's tenth largest.
U.S. v. Suffolk Co. Police Dept., U.S. Dist. Ct. (E.D.N.Y. 1983).
City could pass over white males to promote
qualified females and minority applicants. Van Aken v. Young, 541 F.Supp.
448 (E.D. Mich. 1982).
Consent decree in Arkansas calls for 20 percent
blacks and 16 percent females in fire and police department. U.S. v. City
of North Little Rock, U.S. Dist. Ct. (D.Ark. 1982).
Federal appeals court sets aside decision
that housing police must be paid same salary as city officers. Members
of Bridgeport Housing Auth. Police v. City of Bridgeport, 646 F.2d 55 (2nd
Cir. 1981).
New Justice Dept. policy not to seek preferential
hiring is reflected in New Hampshire settlement. U.S. v. New Hampshire
State Police, U.S. Dist. Ct. (D.N.H. 1981).
Memphis renews consent decree on fire and
police hiring; progress noted. U.S. v. City of Memphis, U.S. Dist. Ct.
Tenn. (1981).
Federal court upholds Buffalo police and
fire hiring goals. U.S. v. City of Buffalo, 24 FEP Cases (BNA) 313, 633
F.2d 643 (2nd Cir. 1980).
Federal employment discrimination complaint
cognizable although agency has less than 15 employees, if governmental
entity has 15 or more employees. Owens v. Rush, 636 F.2d 283, 49 LW 2423,
24 FEP Cases 1563 (10th Cir. 1980).
Federal appeals court condemns multiple choice
tests for supervisory promotions; assessment center imperfect, but better
choice. Firefighters Instit. for Racial Equal. v. City of St. Louis, 21
FEP Cases (BNA) 1140 (8th Cir. 1980).
Consent decree on firefighter applicants;
racial discrimination suit against 12 New Jersey cities settled. U.S. v.
City of Jersey City et. al., U.S. Dist. Ct. (D.N.J. 1980).
In a racial discrimination suit, the lack
of sufficient sample size counteracts the significance of statistical disparity
in the test results. Commonwealth v. Rizzo, 466 F.Supp. 1219 (E.D. Pa.
1979).
San Francisco police hiring decree finally
approved. Officers for Justice v. San Fran. Civil Serv. Cmsn., U.S. Dist.
Ct. #6C-73-0657 & C-77-2884 (N.D. Cal.).
Justice Department files motion to require
Wisconsin fire department to employ female paramedics. U.S. v. City of
Milwaukee, U.S. Dist. Ct. (E.D.Wis. 1979).
Florida highway patrol and justice department
sign consent decree; specific hiring goals for blacks, Hispanics and women
set. U.S. v. Florida Highway Patrol, U.S. Dist. Ct. (N.D.Fla. 1979).
Maryland state police agree to revised consent
decree on black and female applicants. U.S. v. Maryland State Police, U.S.
Dist. Ct. (D.Md. 1979).
Federal court finds racial and sex discrimination
practices in Buffalo fire and police departments; union's acquiescence
created joint liability. U.S. v. City of Buffalo, 457 F.Supp. 612 (W.D.N.Y.
1978).
See also: Citizenship
Requirements; Sex Discrimination; Sexual
Harassment and EEOC regulations at www.eeoc.gov/regs/