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Law Enforcement Use of Robots

The use of robots by law enforcement is a growing area of interest. The following is a list of references on this topic, and will be updated periodically. For information on the related topic of law enforcement use of drones, click here.

Law Review Articles:

      B. Sankar, Note: What Happens When Police Robots Violate the Constitution? Excessive Force Litigation Under  1983 Regarding Violations Perpetrated by Robots, 20 (3) Vand. J. Ent. & Tech. L. 947 (2018).

     Melanie Reid, Rethinking the Fourth Amendment in the Age of Supercomputers, Artificial Intelligence, and Robots, 112 West Virginia Law Review 100 (2017).

      Elizabeth E. Hoh, Private Security Robots, Artificial Intelligence, and Deadly Force, 51 University of California, Davis Law Review 569 (2017).  

      Amanda McAlliste, Stranger than Science Fiction: The Rise of A.I. Interrogation in the Dawn of Autonomous Robots and the Need for an Additional Protocol to the U.N. Convention Against Torture, 101 Minnesota Law Review 2527 (2017).

      Elizabeth E. Joh, Policing Police Robots, 64 UCLA L. Rev. Discourse 516 (2016-17). 

      Melissa Hamilton, Police Robots and the Law, 34 (5) Westlaw Journal Computer & Internet 1 (2016). Abstract.

      Andrew B. Talai, Drones and Jones: The Fourth Amendment and Police Discretion in the Digital Age, 102 (3) Calif. L. Rev. 728 (Jun. 2014).

Magazine, Newspaper, and Online Articles:

      Pamela Bump, Law Enforcement Robots and Drones 5 Current Applications, Emerj (May 20, 2019).

      Bruce Champagne, Robots, Remotes, and the Law Enforcement Use of Force, Medium (Nov. 27, 2017).

      Alan Kang, The Future of Policing, The Regulatory Review (July 17, 2017).

      E.B. Boyd, Is Police Use of Force About to Get Worse With Robots?,  Politico Magazine (September 22, 2016

      April Glaser, 11 Police Robots Patroling Around the World, Wired Magazine (July 24, 2016).

      Matthew Feeney, We Should Beware Police Killings by Robot or Drone, Newsweek (July 17, 2016).

      Debate, What Ethics Should Guide the Use of Robots in Policing?, New York Times (July 14, 2016). (Four related articles).

      Yana Welinder, Police Robots Could Reduce the Use of Deadly Force, N.Y. Times (July 14, 2016).

      Len Calderone, Robotics in Law Enforcement, Robotics Tomorrow (August 15, 2013).

      Kelly Y.. Greeling, Autonomous Robots in Law Enforcement: Future Legal and Ethical Issues, Research Papers, Southern Illinois University Carbondale (2013).

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Page updated August 24, 2019.

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