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Access to Courts/Legal Info: " 'Power of the Pen': Jailhouse Lawyers, Literacy, and Civic Engagement," by Jessica Feierman, 41 Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review No. 2, pg. 369 (Summer 2006).
Book: Protecting Your Health and Safety: A Litigation Guide for Inmates, by Robert E. Toone. The complete text of this book is available on-line. The book is designed for inmates who are not represented by an attorney. Bound copies of the 328-page book are available for $10 from the Southern Poverty Law Center, P.O. Box 548 Montgomery, Alabama 36101-0548. Their website states that "upon request, prison law libraries will be sent a copy at no cost."
Publication: "Jails and The Constitution: An Overview, Second Edition," by William C. Collins, (104 pgs., The National Institute of Corrections, September 2007). The sections included in this document are: Introduction, History of Court Involvement, Corrections & the Constitution in the New Century, The Constitution and the Physical Plant, Understanding Section 1983 Lawsuits, How the Courts Evaluate Claims: The Balancing Test, The First Amendment, The Fourth Amendment, The Eighth Amendment: Overview, The Eighth Amendment: Use of Force, The Eighth Amendment: Medical Care, The Eighth Amendment: Conditions of Confinement, The Fourteenth Amendment, Consent Decrees, Some Final Thoughts, Glossary, and Some Final Cases.
Publications: Legal Resource Guide to the Federal Bureau of Prisons, updated January 2008
Publications: Library Services for Incarcerated Spanish Speakers. Source(s) WebJunction (Dublin, OH) OCLC Online Computer Library Center (Dublin, OH) Published 2007. 101 pages. Materials from a presentation about providing better library service to Spanish speakers are supplied. Items comprising this collection are: copies of overheads; resource packet containing learning objectives, action plan guide, Four Dimensions of Diversity chart, guide for conducting community leader interviews, resources for working with Spanish speakers, and Serving Latino Communities checklist; and suggested outreach activities for correctional libraries. Accession Number: 022851
Publication: The Jailhouse Lawyer's Handbook: How to Bring a Federal Lawsuit to Challenge Violations of Your Rights in Prison. (4th Edition, revised 2003). 113 page handbook providing instructions and legal discussion for prisoners interested in suing correctional institutions and officials, available for free download at the link given. Published by the Center for Constitutional Rights and the National Lawyers Guild. [PDF]
AIDS: "Sex, Drugs, Prisons, and HIV," by Susan Okie, M.D., 356 New England Journal of Medicine Number 2 (Jan. 11, 2007) pgs. 105-108
AIDS & HIV: HIV in Prisons, 2005. Provides the number of HIV-infection and confirmed AIDS cases among State and Federal prisoners at yearend 2005. This annual bulletin reports the number of AIDS-related deaths in prisons, a profile of those inmates who died, the number of female and male prisoners who were HIV-infected or had confirmed AIDS, and a comparison of confirmed AIDS rates for the general and prisoner populations. This report also examines trends in HIV infection, confirmed AIDS, and AIDS-related deaths. Data are from the National Prisoner Statistics and the Deaths in Custody series. Highlights include the following: * At yearend 2005, an estimated 18,953 males and 1,935 females in State prisons were HIV-infected or had confirmed AIDS. * During 2005 an estimated 176 State inmates died from AIDS-related causes, down from 185 in 2004. * Among Federal inmates, 27 died from AIDS-related causes in 2005, up from 18 in 2004. 09/07 NCJ 218915 Press release | Acrobat file (152K) | ASCII file (28K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 22K).
AIDS and HIV Related: "Dilemmas in the Care of the HIV-Infected Incarcerated Individual," by David Alain Wohl, MD* Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Co-Director of HIV Services for the North Carolina Department of Corrections, Infectious Diseases in Corrections Report (formerly HEPP Report), sponsored by the Brown Medical School, Rhode Island, Office of Continuing Medical Education. (November/December 2005).
AIDS and HIV: "HIV in Prisons, 2001." Bureau of Justice Statistics. Provides the number of HIV-positive and active AIDS cases among prisoners held in each State and the Federal prison system at yearend 2001. The annual report includes data on the number of AIDS-related deaths, a breakdown for women and men with AIDS, and comparisons to AIDS rates in the general population. Historical data on AIDS cases are presented from 1995 and on AIDS deaths from 1991. Highlights include the following: Between 2000 and 2001 the number of HIV-positive prisoners decreased about 5%, while the overall prison population grew 1.1% over the same period. At yearend 2001, 3.2% of all female State prison inmates were HIV positive, compared to 2.0% of males. The number of AIDS-related deaths in State prisons decreased 75% from 1995 to 2001. (January 2004). NCJ 202293 Acrobat file [PDF] (534K) | ASCII file (17K) Spreadsheets (zip format 27K)
AIDS Related: National Survey of Infectious Diseases in Correctional Facilities: HIV and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, NIJ-Sponsored, 2007, NCJ 217736. (34 pages).
AIDS Related: HIV in Prisons, 2004. Reports the number of female and male prisoners who were HIV positive or AIDS active, the number of AIDS-related deaths in State and Federal prisons, a profile of those inmates who died, and a comparison of AIDS rates for the general and prisoner populations. This annual bulletin uses yearend 2004 data from the National Prisoner Statistics and the Deaths in Custody series. Supplemental information from the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities is provided in this report, including estimates of HIV infection among prison inmates by age, gender, race, Hispanic origin, education, marital status, current offense, and selected risk factors such as prior drug use. Highlights include the following: * Between 2003 and 2004 the number of HIV-positive prisoners decreased 2.6%. * During 2004, 20 States reported a decrease in the number of HIV-positive prisoners, and 24 States and the Federal system reported an increase. * Rate of AIDS-related deaths in State prisons decreased in 2004. 11/06 NCJ 213897 Press release | Acrobat file (244K) | ASCII file (21K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 17K)
Article: Macher A, Kibble D, Wheeler D. HIV transmission in correctional facility. Emerg Infect Dis April 2006. "Acute retroviral syndrome developed in an inmate in a detention center after he had intercourse with 2 HIV-infected inmates. Correctional facilities house a disproportionate number of HIV-infected persons, and most do not provide inmates with condoms. Correctional healthcare providers should be familiar with primary HIV infection and acute retroviral syndrome."
Medical Care: Medical Management of Exposures: HIV, HBV, HCV, Human Bites and Sexual Assaults. Federal Bureau of Prisons Clinical Practice Guideline. May 2007.
Report: "HIV Transmission Among Male Inmates in a State Prison System --- Georgia, 1992--2005" Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report April 21, 2006. This study, which documented the cases of 88 men who became HIV positive while incarcerated in Georgia state prisons, resulted in a recommendation that states investigate the possibility of distributing condoms in prisons. As a result, the California state legislature, in August of 2006, passed a bill, AB 1677, which would allow public health agencies to distribute condoms or dental dams to inmates who request them. California Governor Schwarzenegger has not yet announced whether he will sign it.
Report: HIV in Prisons, 2000, Bureau of Justice Statistics. (10/02) NCJ 196023. This report provides the number of HIV-positive and active AIDS cases among prisoners held in each State and the Federal prison system at year-end 2000. The report provides prison data on the number of AIDS-related deaths, HIV-testing policies, a breakdown for women and men with AIDS, and comparisons to AIDS rates in the general populations. Based on the 2000 Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities, the report also provides data on the number of HIV-positive prison inmates at midyear 2000. Also presented are the 25 facilities holding the largest number of HIV-positive inmates. Highlights include the following: Between 1995 and 2000 the number of HIV-positive prisoners grew at a slower rate (3%) than the overall prison population (16%). The overall rate of confirmed AIDS among the Nation's prison population (0.52%) was about 4 times the rate in U.S. general population (0.13%). During 2000, 18 States reported a decrease in the number of HIV-positive prisoners and 29 States reported an increase.
Statistics: HIV in Prisons, 2006. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics (April 2008). A web page with information on the number of state and federal inmates who were infected with HIV or had confirmed AIDS at yearend 2006. Topics covered include HIV infection by region and state, infection by gender, confirmed AIDS cases, AIDS related death, HIV testing in prisons, statistical tables, and a list of related publications. (April 2008).
Statistics: HIV in Prisons, 2003. Provides the number of HIV-positive and active AIDS cases among State and Federal prisoners at yearend 2003. This annual bulletin reports the number of AIDS-related deaths in prisons, a profile of those inmates who died, the number of female and male prisoners who were HIV-positive, and a comparison of AIDS rates for the general and prisoner populations. Historical data on AIDS cases are presented from 1998 and on AIDS deaths from 1995. Highlights include the following: Between 2002 and 2003 the number of HIV-positive prisoners decreased less than 1%, while the overall prison population grew 1.6% during the same period. At yearend 2003, 2.8% of all female State prison inmates were HIV positive, compared to 1.9% of males. In 2003, 282 prisoners died from AIDS-related causes -- 268 State inmates and 14 Federal inmates. 09/05 NCJ 210344 Acrobat file (337K) | ASCII file (34K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 60K)
Website: HIV & Hepatitis Education Prison Project Publishes a ten times a year report on prison HIV, Hepatitis and other related health issues, available at the website in PDF format. Brown Medical School Office of Continuing Medical Education, Brown University, Providence, RI.
Drug Abuse and Treatment: Residential Substance Abuse Treatment for State Prisoners (RSAT) Program (NCJ 206269), Bureau of Justice Assistance, April 2005. PDF Presents the Residential Substance Abuse Treatment for State Prisoners (RSAT) Program, which helps states and local governments develop, implement, and improve RSAT programs in state and local correctional and detention facilities. This Program Update describes RSAT and its funding history, program components, national- and state-level RSAT evaluations, and state-by-state activities. It also covers changes made to the program.
Drugs and Drug Treatment Program: Outcome Evaluation of the New Mexico Corrections Department Genesis Residential Substance Abuse Treatment Program for State Prisoners, Final Summary Report. 12/2003, NCJ 203277. [PDF]
Drug Use: Oregon Department of Corrections: Inmate Drug Usage in the Institutions During January 2004. 2 pgs. [PDF] Presents information about recent results of three different types of drug testing of inmates in Oregon correctional facility--random drug testing, suspicion based drug testing, and testing of inmates involved in the Alcohol and Drug treatment programs who are tested for drug use every month.
Publication: Screening and Assessing Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders Among Youth in the Juvenile Justice System: A Resource Guide for Practitioners (NCJ 204956) December 2004 Report, 88 pages Grisso, T., Underwood, L. A. Presents information on instruments that can be used to screen and assess youth for mental health- and substance use-related disorders at various stages of the juvenile justice process. The Guide includes profiles of more than 50 instruments, guidelines for selecting instruments, and best practice recommendations for diverse settings and situations. It is intended as a basic tool for juvenile justice professionals working toward the goal of early, accurate identification of youth with mental disorders. Once identified, these youth can receive the services required to improve their lives, reduce recidivism, and promote community safety. Available online only. [PDF] (1.85 MB).
Publication: Reducing Drug Use in Prisons: Pennsylvania's Approach, by Thomas E. Feucht and Andrew Keyser. Pennsylvania Department of Corrections. 6 pgs. [PDF]
Publication: Drug Detection in Prison Mailrooms. National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice, November 2004. Corrections officials need an effective and efficient method to detect the presence of drugs in the thousands of letters and packages that are processed daily in prison mailrooms. Recent tests of detection systems available in the commercial market identified ion mobility spectrometry as a technology with the potential to improve the mail screening operations in correctional facilities. [PDF]
Report: Pelissier, B. M. (2002). Comparison of Background Characteristics and Behaviors of African American, Hispanic, and White Substance Abusers Treated in Federal Prison. Federal Bureau of Prisons.(.pdf format).
Report: Pelissier, B, Camp, S. D., Gaes, G. G., Rhodes, W., and Saylor, W. (in press). Federal Prison Residential Drug Treatment: A Comparison of Three-Year Outcomes For Men and Women.
Report: The DASIS Report: Drug and Alcohol Treatment in Juvenile Correctional Facilities, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, May 2002. [PDF format] This report examines substance abuse treatment in juvenile correctional facilities. See also, The DASIS Report: Substance Abuse Services and Staffing in Adult Correctional Facilities, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, October 2002. [PDF format] This report examines treatment services and staffing in adult correctional facilities.
Report: I–ADAM in Eight Countries: Approaches and Challenges by Bruce Taylor. Published: May 2002. This publication is primarily a progress report on the implementation of the International Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (I-ADAM) program in eight countries and on the challenges they faced. Although some research findings are presented, the principal purpose of this report is to describe the experiences of the countries as they engaged in the process of launching I-ADAM, which is an outgrowth and extension of the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program, developed and operated by the National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice. ADAM tracks trends in the prevalence and types of hardcore drug use--such as cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and methamphetamine--among booked arrestees. (pdf format).
Report: "Residential Substance Abuse Treatment for State Prisoners: Implementation Lessons Learned." This National Institute of Justice (NIJ) Special Report summarizes the results of a National Evaluation of Residential Substance Abuse Treatment (RSAT) and process evaluations of 12 local sites across the country. (NCJ 195738) (April 2003). PDF File and ASCII Text File.
Report: "Residential Substance Abuse Treatment for State Prisoners: Breaking the Drug-Crime Cycle Among Parole Violators." This Research for Practice examines the Residential Substance Abuse Treatment (RSAT) program at the South Idaho Correctional Institution. The program targets parole-violating inmates with substance abuse problems in an effort to reduce recidivism. (NCJ 199948) (May 2003) PDF File and ASCII Text File.
Statistics: Substance Dependence, Abuse, and Treatment of Jail Inmates, 2002. Presents data from the 2002 Survey of Inmates in Local Jails on inmates’ prior use, dependence, and abuse of alcohol and illegal drugs. The report also provides data on types of substance abuse treatment or other programs reported by jail inmates. It presents measures of dependence and abuse by gender, race, Hispanic origin, age, and most serious offense. The report compares the levels of prior substance use, dependence, abuse, and treatment by selected characteristics, such as family background, criminal record, type of substance, and offense. Tables include trends in the levels of substance use and treatment reported by jail inmates since the last national survey was conducted in 1996. Highlights include the following: In 2002 -- 68% of jail inmates reported symptoms in the year before their admission to jail that met substance dependence or abuse criteria. 16% of convicted jail inmates said that they committed their offense to get money for drugs. 63% of inmates who met substance dependence or abuse criteria had participated in substance treatment or other programs. 7/05 NCJ 209588 Acrobat file (211K) | ASCII file (35K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 19K)
Publication: Quehanna Motivational Boot Camp: Performance Analysis and Evaluation, by Kristofer Bret Bucklen, Research and Evaluation Analyst. A report evaluating the performance of the Quehanna Boot Camp for the period 1993 through 2002. Pennsylvania Department of Corrections. 12 pgs. (January 2003). [PDF]
Publications: DOCS/TODAY (Autumn 2004). [PDF] Publication of the New York Department of Correctional Services. This issue features a story on the Department's highly-rated Shock Incarceration program for certain first-time, nonviolent offenders. Inmates completing the grueling six-month program return to prison at rates significantly lower than comparable non-participants, who spend an average of at least a year longer in prison, according to the article. The program has now saved taxpayers a whopping $1 billion, by reducing terms of incarceration and the need to build new prison beds, the Department states.
Census Enumeration of Prisoners
Census Enumeration of Prisoners: Why the Census Bureau can and must start collecting the home addresses of incarcerated people Submitted by Peter Wagner, Eric Lotke and Andrew Beveridge to the U.S. Census Bureau on February 10, 2006 in advance of the Bureau's report to the Appropriations Committee on using prisoners' homes of record in the Census. Subsequent report by national panel of experts recommended that in 2010 the Census Bureau study whether prison inmates should be counted as residents of the urban neighborhoods where they last lived rather than as residents of the rural districts where they are incarcerated.
Report: "The Effectiveness and Safety of Pepper Spray" (April 2003). National Institute of Justice (NIJ). "Though generally assumed to be safe and effective, the consequences of the use of pepper spray, as with any use of force, can never be predicted with certainty. To expand the scope of knowledge on such a complex subject, this Research for Practice examines two unpublished NIJ-funded studies on the use of pepper spray in real-life arrests and compares them with previous studies. While the research does not and cannot prove that pepper spray will never be a contributing factor in the death of a subject resisting arrest, it seems to confirm that pepper spray is a reasonably safe and effective tool for law enforcement officers to use when confronting uncooperative or combative subjects." Full text of the Report: ASCII Text File Adobe Acrobat File.
Community Corrections: Article: "Community Corrections and Community Policing," by David Leitenberger, Pete Semenyna, and Jeffrey B. Spelman, 72 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin No. 11, pgs. 20-23. [PDF] "A partnership between corrections and police officers can greatly enhance community supervision efforts."
Correctional Statistics, Publications, & Reports
Address lists: List of all federal prison facilities.
Address lists: State prisons and other correctional facilities, arranged by state.
Address lists: County sheriff's departments and jails.
AIDS & HIV: HIV in Prisons, 2005. Provides the number of HIV-infection and confirmed AIDS cases among State and Federal prisoners at yearend 2005. This annual bulletin reports the number of AIDS-related deaths in prisons, a profile of those inmates who died, the number of female and male prisoners who were HIV-infected or had confirmed AIDS, and a comparison of confirmed AIDS rates for the general and prisoner populations. This report also examines trends in HIV infection, confirmed AIDS, and AIDS-related deaths. Data are from the National Prisoner Statistics and the Deaths in Custody series. Highlights include the following: * At yearend 2005, an estimated 18,953 males and 1,935 females in State prisons were HIV-infected or had confirmed AIDS. * During 2005 an estimated 176 State inmates died from AIDS-related causes, down from 185 in 2004. * Among Federal inmates, 27 died from AIDS-related causes in 2005, up from 18 in 2004. 09/07 NCJ 218915 Press release | Acrobat file (152K) | ASCII file (28K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 22K).
AIDS Related: HIV in Prisons, 2004. Reports the number of female and male prisoners who were HIV positive or AIDS active, the number of AIDS-related deaths in State and Federal prisons, a profile of those inmates who died, and a comparison of AIDS rates for the general and prisoner populations. This annual bulletin uses yearend 2004 data from the National Prisoner Statistics and the Deaths in Custody series. Supplemental information from the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities is provided in this report, including estimates of HIV infection among prison inmates by age, gender, race, Hispanic origin, education, marital status, current offense, and selected risk factors such as prior drug use. Highlights include the following: * Between 2003 and 2004 the number of HIV-positive prisoners decreased 2.6%. * During 2004, 20 States reported a decrease in the number of HIV-positive prisoners, and 24 States and the Federal system reported an increase. * Rate of AIDS-related deaths in State prisons decreased in 2004. 11/06 NCJ 213897 Press release | Acrobat file (244K) | ASCII file (21K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 17K)
Annual Report: Federal Prison Industries, Inc. Annual Financial Statement, Fiscal Year 2007, Audit Report 08-10, March 2008 (Commentary and Summary Only). Office of the Inspector General, U.S. Department of Justice.
Annual Report: Federal Bureau of Prisons Annual Financial Statement, Fiscal Year 2007, Audit Report 08-09, March 2008 (Commentary and Summary Only). Office of the Inspector General, U.S. Department of Justice.
Annual Report: State of the Bureau 2004. Annual report on the Federal Bureau of Prisons. [PDF]
Annual Report: State of the Bureau (2005). Bureau of Prisons (BOP). Reports on the federal prison system, including information about facilities and statistics.
Annual Reports: State of the Bureau 2006. The annual report of the U.S. Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Prisons.
Annual Report: Florida Department of Corrections 2001-2002 Annual Report (December 2002). Also available: other statistics and publications, including past year annual reports.
Annual Report: 2003 Corrections Briefing Report, Kansas Department of Corrections (January 2003) 153 pgs. [PDF].
Annual Reports: 2005 Corrections Briefing Report. Kansas Department of Corrections (January 2005, 166 pgs). [PDF].
Annual Reports: Michigan Youth Correctional Facility 2005 Annual Report. [PDF]
Annual Report: "Rising to the Challenge: A Safer Texas Prison System" Annual Review 2002 (pdf - 1247 KB) Texas Department of Criminal Justice (March 2003).
Annual Report: Texas Department of Criminal Justice Annual Review 2003. [PDF]
Annual Report: Kentucky Department of Corrections, Division of Corrections Training (DCT) 2005 Annual Report. (35 pgs.).
Annual Report: Oklahoma Department of Corrections, 2005 Annual Report. (32 pgs.).
Annual Report: Rhode Island Department of Corrections, Annual Report 2005. (30 pgs.).
Budget Information: Federal Bureau of Prisons Annual Financial Statement, Fiscal Year 2004, Audit Report No. 05-11, March 2005 (Commentary and Summary Only)
Correctional Statistics and Reports: Prisoners in 2005. Reports the number of persons in State and Federal prisons at yearend, compares the increase in the prison population during 2005 with the previous year, and presents prison growth rates since 1995. The report also provides the number of male and female prisoners on December 31, 2005, and the rates of incarceration by jurisdiction. It includes the number of prisoners held at yearend in the U.S. Territories and Commonwealths, in military facilities, and in facilities operated by or for the Bureau of Immigration and Custom Enforcement. Data are presented on prison capacities and the use of local jails and privately operated prisons. Estimates are provided on the number of sentenced prisoners by age, gender, race, and Hispanic origin, and type of offense. Highlights include the following: * Fourteen States had prison population increases of at least 5%, led by South Dakota (up 11.9%), Montana (up 10.9%), and Kentucky (up 10.4%). * Eleven States experienced prison population decreases, led by Georgia (down 4.6%), Maryland (down 2.4%), Louisiana (down 2.3%), and Mississippi (down 2.2%). * State prisons were operating between 1% below and 14% above capacity; Federal prisons were operating at 34% above capacity. 11/06 NCJ 215092 Press release | Acrobat file (229K) | ASCII file (32K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 23K)
Correctional Statistics and Reports: New York Department of Correctional Services, Annotated Listing, Research Studies And Legislative Reports (Year 2006). Areas covered include Shock Incarceration Program Research, Earned Eligibility Program Research, Merit Time, Research on Comprehensive Alcohol and Substance Abuse Treatment (CASAT), Research on Psychological Screening Program for Correction Officer Candidates, Recidivism Research, Statistical Reports on Inmate Population, Criminal Justice Statistics, Research on Extent of Substance Abuse in Inmate Population, Research on the Foreign-Born Inmate Population, Female Inmates, Special Program Reports, and Legislative Reports on Temporary Release Program, and Inmate Grievance Programs. Copies of individual reports may be obtained, as long as supplies last, by filling in a Research Studies Request Form, and mailing it to: Research Studies And Legislative Reports Requests Program Planning, Research & Evaluation New York State Department of Correctional Services Building #2 1220 Washington Avenue Albany, NY 12226-2050.
Guide to Bureau of Justice Statistics Website: Guide to the BJS Website: Third Edition (December 2002). Reports on the latest updates and additions to materials on the U.S. Department of Justice BJS website. In addition to paper documents, BJS electronically publishes a variety of materials, including statistical graphics and spreadsheets on its website. This report, the third in a series, outlines all of the material available on the website, some not otherwise published. NCJ 187735. Available in PDF format or plain text ASCII format.
Prison Rape and
Sexual Misconduct: Sexual Victimization in Local Jails Reported
by Inmates, 2007. Presents data from the 2007 National Inmate Survey
(NIS), conducted in 282 local jails between April and December, with a
sample of 40,419 inmates. The report and appendix tables provide a listing
of results for sampled local jails, as required under the Prison Rape Elimination
Act of 2003 (P.L. 108-79). Facilities are listed alphabetically by state
with estimated prevalence rates of sexual victimization as reported by
inmates during a personal interview and based on activity in the 6 months
prior to the interview or since admission to the facility, if shorter.
The report includes national-level and facility-level estimates of nonconsensual
sexual acts, abusive sexual contacts, inmate-on-inmate and staff-on-inmate
victimization, and level of coercion. It also includes estimates of the
standard error for selected measures of sexual victimization and summary
characteristics of victims and incidents. Data collected from prison inmates
in the National Inmate Survey were reported in Sexual Victimization in
State and Federal Prisons Reported by Inmates, 2007, released in December
2007. Highlights include the following: About 1.6% of inmates (12,100,
nationwide) reported an incident involving another inmate, and 2.0% (15,200)
reported an incident involving staff. Inmate-on-inmate victimization occurred
most often in the victim’s cell (56%); staff-on-inmate victimization occurred
in a closet, office, or other locked room (47%). An estimated 5.1% of female
inmates, compared to 2.9% of male inmates, said they had experienced one
or more incidents of sexual victimization. 06/08 NCJ 221946 Press
release | Acrobat
file (265K) | ASCII
file (37K) | Spreadsheets
(zip format 47K)
Publications: Corrections News Online (January 2006). Employee newsletter of the Oregon Department of Corrections. Past monthly issues from 2002 through the present are also available on link by clicking here.
Publication: Profile of Nonviolent Offenders Exiting State Prisons Bureau of Justice Statistics. Provides a description of the general characteristics of prison populations serving time for nonviolent crimes as they exit State prisons. Nonviolent crimes are defined as property, drug, and public order offenses that do not involve a threat of harm or an actual attack upon a victim. To conduct this analysis, BJS used data collected under two statistical programs, the National Recidivism Reporting Program that last collected data on those discharged from prisons in 15 States in 1994 and the Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities last conducted in 1997. This report examines the responses of inmates who indicated to interviewers that they expected to be released within 6 months. (October 2004). NCJ 207081. Acrobat file (528K) | ASCII file (5K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 8K)
Report: One in 100: Behind Bars in America, 2008, by The Pew Center on the States, Pew Charitable Trusts. March 2008. A report which covers the growth of prison population and facilities in the U.S., the growth of prison costs, and the length of prison stays, and related issued.
Report: Public Safety, Public Spending, a report released by the Public Safety Performance Project of The Pew Charitable Trusts, and written by the JFA Institute, a Washington-based, nonprofit research and consulting firm. Released on February 14, 2007, the report predicts that, by 2011: Without policy changes by the states, the nation’s incarceration rate will reach 562 per 100,000, or one of every 178 Americans. If you put them all together in one place, the incarcerated population in just five years will outnumber the residents of Atlanta, Baltimore and Denver combined. The new inmates will cost states an additional $15 billion for prison operations over the five-year period. Construction of new prison beds will cost as much as $12.5 billion. Unless Montana, Arizona, Alaska, Idaho and Vermont change their sentencing or release practices, they can expect to see their prison systems grow by one third or more. Similarly, barring reforms, Colorado, Washington, Wyoming, Nevada, Utah and South Dakota can expect their inmate populations to grow by about 25 percent. Connecticut, Delaware and New York are projected to see no change in their prison populations. Maryland will see a 1 percent increase in prison population. The number of women prisoners is projected to grow by 16 percent, while the male population will increase 12 percent.
Reports: Confronting Confinement, report of the National Commission on Safety and Abuse in America's Prisons. (June 8, 2006). The report addresses dangerous conditions of confinement - violence, poor health care, and inappropriate segregation - that can also endanger corrections officers and the public; lack of political support for labor and management; weak oversight of correctional facilities; and serious flaws in the available data about violence and abuse. Among 30 practical reforms, the Commission recommends: A re-investment in programming for prisoners to prevent violence inside facilities and reduce recidivism after release. Changing federal law to extend Medicaid and Medicare reimbursement to correctional facilities and ending prisoner co-pays for medical care, reforms necessary to protect the public health. Reducing the use of high-security segregation, which can actually cause violence, and ending the release of prisoners directly from these units to the streets, which contributes to recidivism. Increased investment at state and local levels to recruit, train, and retain skilled, capable workers at all levels. Expanding the capacity of the National Institute of Corrections to work with states and localities to create a positive institutional culture in corrections facilities. Creating an independent agency in every state to oversee prisons and jails and changing federal law to narrow the scope of the Prison Litigation Reform Act. Developing standardized reporting nationwide on violence and abuse behind bars so that corrections officials, lawmakers, and the public can have reliable measures of violence and monitor efforts to make facilities safer.
Reports: Treated Like Trash: Juvenile Detention in New Orleans Before, During, and After Hurricane Katrina, report of the Juvenile Justice Project of Louisiana. (May 2006). A report on conditions in New Orleans Louisiana juvenile detention facilities.
Report: Education and Correctional Populations U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics (January 2003). Compares educational attainment of State and Federal prison inmates, jail inmates, and probationers to that of the general population. Educational attainment is also examined for various demographic groups -- including gender, race/ethnicity, age, citizenship, and military service -- and for other social and economic factors. Reasons for dropping out of school are compared for jail inmates and the general population. The report describes the availability of educational programs to inmates in prison and jail and their participation in educational and vocational programs since admission. Findings are based on analyses of more than 10 different datasets from both BJS and the U.S. Department of Education. Highlights include the following: 68% of State prison inmates did not receive a high school diploma; About 26% of State prison inmates said they had completed the GED while serving time in a correctional facility. Although the percentage of State prison inmates who reported taking education courses while confined fell from 57% in 1991 to 52% in 1997, the number who participated in an educational program since admission increased from 402,500 inmates in 1991 to 550,000 in 1997. Report is NCJ 19570. Available in PDF format or in plain text ASCII. The tables from the report are also available in spreadsheet format.
Reports: Florida Department of Corrections Long-Range Program Plan, FY 2005-06 through 2009-10 (August 2004) [Available in both .PDF and .Doc formats].
Report: Probation and Parole in the United States, 2001 (BJS) (August 2002) The total Federal, State, and local adult correctional population -- incarcerated or in the community -- grew by 147,700 during 2001 to reach a new high of nearly 6.6 million.
Report: Reentry Trends in the United States: Inmates returning to the community after serving time in prison. Bureau of Justice Statistics. [PDF]. This new section of BJS website summarizes the latest BJS data concerning inmates returning to the community after serving time in State or Federal prison. Based on information from 12 publications and 6 data collections, this section covers trends in both State and Federal release.
Report: Prisoners in 2001, Bureau of Justice Statistics. NCJ 195189 (July 2002). This reports on the number of persons in state and federal prisons at year-end, compares the increase in the prison population during 2001 with that of the previous year, and gives the prison growth rates since 1995. It also provides the number of male and female prisoners on December 31, 2001, incarceration rates for the states, and the 10 highest and 10 lowest jurisdictions for selected characteristics, including growth rate, number of prisoners held, and incarceration rates. Tables present data on prison capacities and the use of local jails, privately operated prisons, Federal, and other State facilities to house inmates. Estimates are provided on the number of sentenced prisoners by offense, gender, race, and Hispanic origin. Highlights include the following: Between July 1, 2001, and December 31, 2001, the number of inmates under State jurisdiction declined by 3,705 inmates (down 0.3%), repeating the same pattern of decline first observed in the last 6 months of 2000. On December 31, 2001 State prisons were operating between 1% and 16% above capacity, while Federal prisons were operating at 31% above capacity. At year-end 2000, 49% of State prisoners were serving time for violent offenses, up from 46% in 1990.
Report: "Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2002" (NCJ-198877), was written by Bureau of Justice Statistics statisticians Paige M. Harrison and Jennifer C. Karberg. Single copies may be obtained by calling the BJS Clearinghouse at 1-800-732-3277. In addition, this document can be accessed at: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/pjim02.htm The report indicates that nation’s prisons and jails held more than 2 million inmates for the first time on June 30, 2002. The 50 states, the District of Columbia and the federal government held 1,355,748 prisoners (two-thirds of the total incarcerated population), and local municipal and county jails held 665,475 inmates. During the 12-month period ending last June 30, the local jail population increased by 34,235 inmates, the largest increase (5.4 percent) since 1997. State prisons added 12,440 inmates (a 1 percent increase) and the federal prison system grew by 8,042 (5.7 percent). At midyear 2002, the nation’s prisons and jails held 1 in every 142 U.S. residents. Males were incarcerated at the rate of 1,309 inmates per 100,000 U.S. men, while the female incarceration rate was 113 per 100,000 women residents.
Report: Juvenile Residential Facility Census, 2000: Selected Findings (National Report Series Bulletin). December 2002. 4pp. NCJ 196595. Free. Released: January 17, 2003. This Bulletin presents findings from the inaugural 2000 Juvenile Residential Facility Census (JRFC). It focuses on two issues of primary interest to the juvenile justice field: facility crowding and facility-related deaths. JRFC is designed to collect information on such facility characteristics as type, size, structure, security arrangements, and ownership. It also examines the adequacy of bedspace and a range of services provided youth in residential facilities. Sickmund, M. 2002 (December). U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Report: "Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2002". 4/2003, NCJ 198877. PDF File ASCII Text File HTML File Presents data on prison and jail inmates, collected from National Prisoner Statistics counts and the Annual Survey of Jails in 2002. This report provides for each State and the Federal system, the number of inmates and the overall incarceration rate per 100,000 residents. It offers trends since 1995 and percentage changes in prison populations since midyear and yearend 2001. The midyear report presents the number of prison inmates held in private facilities and the number of prisoners under 18 years of age held by State correctional authorities. It includes total numbers for prison and jail inmates by gender, race, and Hispanic origin as well as counts of jail inmates by juvenile status, conviction status, and confinement status. The report also provides findings on rated capacity of local jails, percent of capacity occupied, and capacity added. Highlights include the following:
* In the year ending June 30, 2002, the number of inmates in custody in local jails rose by 34,235; in State prison by 12,440; and in Federal prison by 8,042.
* At midyear 2002, a total of 3,055 State prisoners were under age 18. Adult jails held a total of 7,248 persons under age 18.
* At midyear 2002, there were 113 female inmates per 100,000 women in the United States, compared to 1,309 male inmates per 100,000 men.
Report: "Reforming California's Youth and Adult Correctional System" a 350-page report by a 40-member Independent Review Panel headed by former California Gov. George Deukmejian (July 1, 2004). Contains 239 recommendations concerning the operations, policies, and procedures of youth and adult correctional systems in the state, including reorganizing the California Youth and Adult Correctional Agency and its component entities, and replacing it with a new Department of Correctional Services run by a ten-member Civilian Corrections Commission. The report also recommends more detailed screening before hiring of correctional officers, a code of conduct for officers to receive and sign, and increased discipline against correctional employees if they retaliate against whistleblowers. New emphasis is also placed on issues concerning prisoner rehabilitation and education. Major chapter headings in the report are: A Reorganization Plan for Corrections, Ethics and Culture, Employee Investigations and Discipline, Use of Force, Personnel and Training, Risk Management and Health Care, Inmate and Parolee Population Management, Ward and Parolee Population Management, Closures, Labor Contract, and Information Technology. Appendices to the report include discussions of implementation, legal issues, proposed statutory and constitutional changes, a bibliography, and a listing of over 400 persons interviewed or submitting suggestions for the report.
Reports: Strategic Plan, State of California Youth and Adult Correctional Agency, 30 pgs. January 2005. [PDF]
Statistics: Characteristics of State Parole Supervising Agencies, 2006. Presents information for 52 state parole supervising agencies at midyear 2006, including the California Youth Authority and the District of Columbia. This report describes, by state, where these agencies were located in each state's administrative structure, the number of adult parolees, and probationers, if any, under supervision, and the number of separate offices the parole agency operated. National estimates are presented for the number and type of staff employed by parole supervising agencies and of parole supervision caseloads. Use of drug abuse testing, various treatment programs, and the availability of housing and employment assistance programs are documented. Highlights include the following: * Five state agencies accounted for about half of the adults under parole supervision on June 30, 2006: Departments of Corrections in California (125,067 adults on parole); Texas (101,175); and Illinois (33,354); and two independent agencies, New York (53,215) and Pennsylvania (24,956, excluding adults supervised by county parole offices). * Half of parole supervising agencies had a role in releasing prisoners to parole, setting the conditions of supervision, or conducting revocation hearings. * Up to 16% of at-risk parolees in some agencies were re-incarcerated for a failed drug test. 08/08 NCJ 222180 Press release | Acrobat file (133K) | ASCII file (19K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 19K)
Statistics: "Jail Inmates at Midyear 2007." Presents data on numbers of jails and jail inmates at midyear 2007 and analyzes patterns of growth from 2000 through 2007. This report includes data on rated capacity of jails, percent of capacity occupied, and capacity added. It provides estimates of admissions to jails and details the volume of movement among the jail population. This Bulletin includes total numbers for jail inmates by gender, race, and Hispanic origin as well as counts of jail inmates by conviction and confinement status. Standard errors for jail estimates are only provided in the appendix tables of the electronic version of this report. Highlights include the following: The total rated capacity of local jails at midyear 2007 reached 813,502 beds, up from an estimated 677,787 beds at midyear 2000. At midyear 2007, jail jurisdictions (173) with an average daily jail population of 1,000 or more inmates accounted for about 6% of all jail jurisdictions and about 52% of the jail inmate population. At midyear 2007, the 50 largest jail jurisdictions held about 29% (or 227,901 inmates) of the nation’s jail population. NCJ 221945 (June 2008). Press release | Acrobat file (121K) | ASCII file (17K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 19K)
Statistics: Parents in Prison and Their Minor Children. Presents data from the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities about inmates who were parents and their minor children. This report compares estimates of the number of incarcerated parents and their children under the age of 18, by gender, age, race, and Hispanic origin in state and federal prisons in 1991, 1997, 1999, 2004, and 2007. It presents the total number of children who were minors at some time during their parent’s incarceration. The report describes selected background characteristics of parents in prisons, including marital status, citizenship, education, offense type, criminal history, employment, prior experiences of homelessness, drug and alcohol involvement, mental health, and physical and sexual abuse. It provides family background of inmate parents including household makeup, public assistance received by household, drug and alcohol use, and incarceration of family members. It includes information on the children’s daily care, financial support, current caregivers, and frequency and type of contact with incarcerated parents. Highlights include the following: * The nation’s prisons held approximately 744,200 fathers and 65,600 mothers at midyear 2007. * Parents held in the nation’s prisons—52% of state inmates and 63% of federal inmates—reported having an estimated 1,706,600 minor children, accounting for 2.3% of the U.S. resident population under age 18. * Growth in the number of parents held in state and federal prisons was outpaced by the growth in the nation’s prison population between 1991 and midyear 2007. 08/08 NCJ 222984 Press release | Acrobat file (175K) | ASCII file (38K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 22K)
Statistics: "Prison Inmates at Midyear 2007." Presents data on prisoners under jurisdiction of federal or state correctional authorities on June 30, 2007, collected from the National Prisoner Statistics series. This annual report describes changes in the prison population during the first six months of 2007, compared to changes from yearend 2000 through yearend 2006. It details the incarceration rates for prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year by jurisdiction, the number of incarcerated males and females, and the number of prisoners admitted into and released from federal and state jurisdiction. The bulletin also presents data on the total number of inmates held in custody in prisons or jails on June 30, 2007. It provides estimates of the custody population by gender, race, and age. The custody incarceration rates for these groups are also included. Counts of the number of non-citizens and individuals under age 18 held in custody are included. See also Jail Inmates at Midyear 2007. Highlights include the following: Between January and June 2007, the prison population increased by 1.6% (or 24,919 prisoners), compared to a 2% increase during the first six months of 2006. The number of prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year increased 1.7% between December 31, 2006 and June 30, 2007, or at about the same rate as the total number of prisoners under jurisdiction. Between 2000 and 2007, the number of inmates in custody in prisons or jails increased by 367,200. Male inmates (315,100) accounted for 86% of the increase to the custody population. Female inmates (52,100) made up the remaining 14%. NCJ 221944 (June 2008). Press release | Acrobat file (456K) | ASCII file (31K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 37K)
Statistics: HIV in Prisons, 2006. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics (April 2008). A web page with information on the number of state and federal inmates who were infected with HIV or had confirmed AIDS at yearend 2006. Topics covered include HIV infection by region and state, infection by gender, confirmed AIDS cases, AIDS related death, HIV testing in prisons, statistical tables, and a list of related publications. (April 2008).
Statistics: Medical Problems of Prisoners, U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. (April 2008). Findings on state and federal prisoners who reported a current medical problem, a physical or mental impairment, a dental problem, or an injury since admission based on data from the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional facilities.
Statistics: Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics webpage on Corrections Statistics includes statistics and publications about capital punishment, jails, prisons, probation and parole.
Statistics: Pretrial Release of Felony Defendants in State Courts. Presents findings on the pretrial release phase of the criminal justice process using data collected from a representative sample of felony cases filed in the 75 largest U.S. counties in May during even-numbered years from 1990 to 2004. It includes trends on pretrial release rates and the types of release used. Pretrial release rates are compared by arrest offense, demographic characteristics, and criminal history. Characteristics of released and detained defendants are also presented. Rates of pretrial misconduct including failure to appear and rearrest are presented by type of release, demographic characteristics, and criminal history. Highlights include the following: About 3 in 5 felony defendants in the 75 largest counties were released prior to the disposition of their case. Surety bond surpassed release on recognizance in 1998 as the most common type of pretrial release. Defendants on financial release were more likely to make all scheduled court appearances. 11/07 NCJ 214994 Acrobat file (201K) | ASCII file (37K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 23K)
Statistics: Prisoners in 2006. Reports the number of persons in State and Federal prisons at yearend, compares the increase in the prison population during 2006 with the previous year, and presents prison growth rates since 2000. The report also provides the number of male and female prisoners on December 31, 2006, and the rates of incarceration by jurisdiction. It includes the number of prisoners held at yearend in the U.S. Territories and Commonwealths, in military facilities, and in facilities operated by or for the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Data are presented on prison capacities and the use of local jails and privately operated prisons. Estimates are provided on the number of sentenced prisoners by age, gender, race, and Hispanic origin, and type of offense. Highlights include the following: During 2006 the number of women in prison increased by 4.5%, reaching 112,498 prisoners. About 96% of prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction (or 1,502,179 prisoners) were sentenced to more than 1 year in prison. A total of 113,791 State and Federal prisoners were held in privately operated facilities at yearend 2006. 12/07 NCJ 219416 Press release | Acrobat file (268K) | ASCII file (20K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 22K)
Statistics: Probation and Parole in the United States, 2006. Presents the number of persons on probation and parole at yearend 2006, by State, and compares the national totals to counts for yearend 1995 and 2000 through 2005. The report provides State-level probation and parole supervision rates at yearend 2006 and the percentage change in each population during the year. It presents probation and parole entries and exits, by State, and it provides national and State-level data on parole revocations. The Bulletin also includes a national description of the race, gender, and offense composition of these populations. Highlights include the following: The number of adult men and women in the United States who were being supervised on probation or parole at the end of 2006 reached 5,035,225. In 2006 the combined probation and parole populations grew by 1.8% or 87,852 persons. More than 8 in 10 offenders under community supervision were on probation at yearend 2006. During 2006 the probation population grew by 1.7% which represented an increase of 70,266 probationers. At yearend 2006 a total of 798,202 adult men and women were on parole or mandatory conditional release following a prison term. The population grew by 17,586 parolees during the year or 2.3%. 12/07 NCJ 220218 Press release | Acrobat file (237K) | ASCII file (32K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 37K)
Statistics: Sexual Violence Reported by Juvenile Correctional Authorities, 2005-06. Presents data from the 2005 and 2006 Survey on Sexual Violence, an administrative records collection of incidents required under the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 (Public Law 108-79) of youth-on-youth and staff-on-youth sexual violence reported to juvenile correctional authorities. The report provides counts of sexual violence, by type, for juvenile correctional facilities. The report also provides an in-depth analysis of substantiated incidents, including where the incidents occur, time of day, number and characteristics of victims and perpetrators, nature of the injuries, impact on the victims and sanctions imposed on the perpetrators. The appendix tables include counts of sexual violence, by type, for all state systems, and all sampled locally or privately operated facilities. Highlights include the following: * Approximately 1 in 5 of reported allegations of juvenile sexual violence were substantiated. * Youth-on-youth incidents were more likely to occur in the victim’s room (37%) or in a common area (32%), compared to staff-on-youth incidents (7% and 13%, respectively). * Victims received physical injuries in 12% of substantiated incidents of youth-on-youth sexual violence; about half received some form of medical follow-up. 07/08 NCJ 215337 Press release | Acrobat file (221K) | ASCII file (31K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 45K)
Statistics: Sexual Victimization in State and Federal Prisons Reported by Inmates, 2007. Presents data from the National Inmate Survey (NIS), 2007, conducted in 146 State and Federal prisons between April and August 2007, with a sample of 23,398 inmates. The report and appendix tables provide a listing of State and Federal prisons ranked according to the incidence of prison rape, as required under the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 (P.L. 108-79). Facilities are listed by the prevalence and incidence of sexual victimization in each facility, as reported by inmates during a personal interview and based on activity since admission to the facility or in the 12 months prior to the interview. The report includes national-level and facility-level estimates of nonconsensual sexual acts, abusive sexual contacts, inmate-on-inmate and staff-on-inmate victimization, and level of coercion. It also includes estimates of the standard error for selected measures of sexual victimization. Data from jail inmates collected in the National Inmate Survey will be completed in January 2008, with a report ranking facilities expected in April 2008. Highlights include the following: An estimated 60,500 inmates (or 4.5% of all State and Federal inmates) experienced one or more incidents of sexual victimization involving other inmates or staff. Nationwide, about 2.1% of inmates reported an incident involving another inmate and 2.9% reported an incident involving staff. Among the 146 prison facilities in the 2007 NIS, 6 had no reports of sexual victimization from the sampled inmates; 10 had an overall victimization rate of at least 9.3%. Among the 10 facilities with the highest overall prevalence rates, 3 had prevalence rates of staff sexual misconduct that exceeded 10%. 12/07 NCJ 219414 Press release | Acrobat file (419K) | ASCII file (42K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 39K)
Statistics: Updated Deaths in Custody Statistical Tables. State Prison Deaths, 2001-2006. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Statistics: Deaths
in Custody. Statistical tables concerning state prison deaths, 2001-2005,
local jail deaths, 2000-2005, state juvenile correctional facility deaths,
2002-2005, and links to publications on medical causes of death in state
prisons, 2001-2004, and suicide and homicide in state prisons and local
jails. U.S. Department of Justice · Office of Justice Programs Bureau
of Justice Statistics.
Statistics: Sexual Violence
Reported by Correctional Authorities, 2006. Presents data from the
Survey on Sexual Violence, 2006, an administrative records collection of
incidents of inmate-on-inmate and staff-on-inmate sexual violence reported
to correctional authorities. The report provides counts of sexual violence,
by type, for adult prisons, jails, and other adult correctional facilities.
The report provides an in-depth analysis of substantiated incidents, including
where the incidents occur, time of day, number and characteristics of victims
and perpetrators, nature of the injuries, impact on the victims, and sanctions
imposed on the perpetrators. The appendix tables include counts of sexual
violence, by type, for all State systems, the Federal Bureau of Prisons,
and sampled jail jurisdictions. The report also includes an update on BJS
activities related to implementation of the data collections required under
the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 (Public Law 108-79). Highlights
include the following: There were 2.91 allegations of sexual violence per
1,000 inmates held in prison, jail, and other adult correctional facilities
in 2006, up from 2.46 per 1,000 inmates in 2004. More than one inmate was
reported to have been victimized in 8% of the substantiated inmate-on-inmate
incidents in 2006 and 4% of those in 2005. Most incidents of sexual violence
among inmates involve force or threat of force and occur in the victim's
cell, in the evening. 08/07 NCJ 218914 Press
release | Acrobat
file (357K) | ASCII
file (33K) | Spreadsheets
(zip format 22K)
Statistics: Capital Punishment, 2005 Presents characteristics of persons under sentence of death on December 31, 2005 and of persons executed in 2005. Preliminary data on executions by States during 2006 are included. The report also summarizes the movement of prisoners into and out of death sentence status during 2005. It presents data on offenders' sex, race, Hispanic origin, education, marital status, age at time of arrest for the capital offense, legal status at time of the offense, methods of execution, trends, and time between imposition of death sentence and execution. Highlights include the following: At yearend 2005, 36 States and the Federal prison system held 3,254 prisoners under sentence of death, 66 fewer than at yearend 2004. This represents the fifth consecutive year that the population has decreased. Of those under sentence of death, 56% were white, 42% were black, and 2% were of other races. Fifty-two women were under sentence of death in 2005, up from 47 in 1995. 12/06 NCJ 215083 Press release | Acrobat file (389K) | ASCII file (32K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 23K)
Statistics: Deaths in Custody Statistical Tables is a new section on the Bureau of Justice Statistics website that contains a series of data tables describing recent trends in mortality in State prison, local jails and State juvenile correctional facilities.
Statistics: Drug Use and Dependence, State and Federal Prisoners, 2004. Presents data from the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities on prisoners' prior use, dependence, and abuse of illegal drugs. Tables include trends in the levels of drug use, type of drugs used, and treatment reported by State and Federal prisoners since the last national survey was conducted in 1997. The report also presents measures of dependence and abuse by gender, race, Hispanic origin, and age. It provides data on the levels of prior drug use (with an in-depth look at methamphetamine use), dependence, and abuse by selected characteristics, such as family background, criminal record, type of drug used, and offense. Highlights include the following: Among drug dependent or abusing prisoners, 40% of State and 49% of Federal inmates took part in drug abuse treatment or programs since admission to prison. Among both State and Federal prisoners, white inmates were at least 20 times more likely than black inmates to report recent methamphetamine use. Violent offenders in State prison (50%) were less likely than drug (72%) and property (64%) offenders to have used drugs in the month prior to their offense. 10/06 NCJ 213530 Press release | Acrobat file (147K) | ASCII file (34K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 60K)
Statistics: Mental Health Problems of Prison and Jail Inmates Presents estimates of the prevalence of mental health problems among prison and jail inmates using self-reported data on recent history and symptoms of mental disorders. The report compares the characteristics of offenders with a mental health problem to those without, including current offense, criminal record, sentence length, time expected to be served, co-occurring substance dependence or abuse, family background, and facility conduct since current admission. It presents measures of mental health problems by gender, race, Hispanic origin, and age. The report describes mental health problems and mental health treatment among inmates since admission to jail or prison. Findings are based on the Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 2004, and the Survey of Inmates in Local Jails, 2002. Highlights include the following: Nearly a quarter of both State prisoners and jail inmates who had a mental health problem, compared to a fifth of those without, had served 3 or more prior incarcerations. Female inmates had higher rates of mental health problems than male inmates (State prisons: 73% of females and 55% of males; Federal prisons: 61% of females and 44% of males; local jails: 75% of females and 63% of males). Over 1 in 3 State prisoners, 1 in 4 Federal prisoners, and 1 in 6 jail inmates who had a mental health problem had received treatment since admission. 9/06 NCJ 213600 Press release | Acrobat file (288K) | ASCII file (38K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 68K)
Statistics: Sexual Violence Reported by Correctional Authorities, 2005. Presents data from the Survey on Sexual Violence, 2005, an administrative records collection of incidents of inmate-on-inmate and staff-on-inmate sexual violence reported to correctional authorities. The report provides counts of sexual violence, by type, for adult prisons, jails, and other adult correctional facilities. The report provides an in-depth analysis of substantiated incidents, including where the incidents occur, time of day, number and characteristics of victims and perpetrators, nature of the injuries, impact on the victims and sanctions imposed on the perpetrators. The appendix tables include counts of sexual violence, by type, for all State systems, the Federal Bureau of Prisons, and all sampled jail jurisdictions. The report also includes an update on BJS activities related to implementation of the data collections required under the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 (Public Law 108-79). Highlights include the following: Correctional authorities substantiated 885 incidents of sexual violence in 2005, 15% of completed investigations. 38% of allegations involved staff sexual misconduct; 35% inmate-on-inmate nonconsensual sexual acts; 17%, staff sexual harassment; and 10% inmate-on-inmate abusive sexual contact. Half of inmate-on-inmate sexual violence involved physical force or threat of force. 7/06 NCJ 214646 Press release | Acrobat file (337K) | ASCII file (34K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 60K)
Statistics: Violent Felons in Large Urban Counties Presents data collected from a representative sample of felony cases that resulted in a felony conviction for a violent offense in 40 of the Nation's 75 largest counties. The study tracks cases for up to 1 year from the date of filing through final disposition. Defendants convicted of murder, rape, robbery, assault or other violent felonies are described in terms of demographic characteristics (gender, race, Hispanic origin, age), prior arrests and convictions, criminal justice status at time of arrest, type of pretrial release or detention, type of adjudication, and sentence received. Highlights include the following: Thirty-six percent of violent felons had an active criminal justice status at the time of their arrest. This included 18% on probation, 12% on release pending disposition of a prior case, and 75% of parole. A majority (56%) of violent felons had a prior conviction record. Thirty-eight percent had prior felony conviction and 15% had a previous conviction for a violent felony. Eighty-one percent of violent felons were sentenced to incarceration with 50% going to prison and 31% to jail. Nineteen percent received a probation term without incarceration. 8/06 NCJ 205289 Press release | Acrobat file (253K) | ASCII file (22K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 18K)
Statistics: Medical Causes of Death in State Prisons, 2001-2004. Describes the specific medical conditions causing deaths in State prisons nationwide during a four-year period. For the leading medical causes of death, mortality rates are presented by gender, age, race and Hispanic origin, and the length of time served in prison. The report includes detailed statistics on cancer deaths. Mortality among older prisoners is examined in detail. Prisoner death rates are compared with rates in the general U.S. resident population. Data on medical treatments provided for these fatal illnesses are presented, along with findings on the presence of medical problems at time of admission to prison. State-by-state mortality rates are presented for the leading causes of illness deaths in appendix tables. Detailed data tables on topics covered in the report will be available on the BJS website. 1/07 NCJ 216340 Press release | Acrobat file (254K) | ASCII file (16K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 18K)
Statistics: Prisoners in 2004. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Reports the number of persons in State and Federal prisons at yearend, compares the increase in the prison population during 2004 with that of the previous year, and gives the prison growth rates since 1995. The report also provides the number of male and female prisoners on December 31, 2004. It includes incarceration rates for the States and the 5 highest and 5 lowest jurisdictions for selected characteristics, such as the growth rate, number of prisoners held, and incarceration rates. Tables present data on prison capacities and the use of local jails and privately operated prisons. Estimates are provided on the number of sentenced prisoners by age, gender, race, and Hispanic origin. Highlights include the following: The Nation's prison population grew 1.9% in 2004, reaching 1.5 million inmates. Ten States had increases of at least 5%, led by Minnesota (up 11.4%), Idaho (up 11.1%), and Georgia (up 8.3%). Eleven States experienced prison population decreases, led by Alabama (down 7.3%), Rhode Island (down 2.8%), New York (down 2.2%), Local jails housed 74,378 State and Federal inmates (5.0% of all prisoners). 10/05 NCJ 210677 Press release | Acrobat file (193K) | ASCII file (43K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 23K)
Statistics: Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2003 U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Presents national-level statistics describing characteristics of persons processed and the distribution of case processing outcomes at each major stage of the Federal criminal justice system. This annual report includes investigations by U.S. attorneys, prosecutions and declinations, pretrial release and detention, convictions and acquittals, sentencing, appeals, and correctional populations. New this year are statistics on fugitive investigations by the U.S. Marshals Service. This is an electronic only document. Highlights include the following: During 2003, 126,878 suspects were arrested by Federal law enforcement agencies for violations of Federal law. During 2003, U.S. Attorneys initiated criminal investigations involving 130,078 suspects, and they concluded their investigations of 128,518. During 1990 and 2003, the number of offenders on community supervision increased by 29%, from 84,801 during 1990 to 108,976 during 2003. 10/05 NCJ 210299 Full report: Acrobat file (2M) ASCII file (185K) | Spreadsheets (zip format) (119K)
Statistics: Correctional Statistics...In Your State (2005) Access to statistics about corrections in the U.S., according to each state, can be found at this website. Statistics (per 100,000) for each state include: crime rates; corrections population; incarceration rate; community corrections--probationers and parolees; cost per inmate; and general information about the state's jails, prisons, and community corrections. Also provided are at-a-glance graphs that compare the state's ranking against other states and the U.S. total.
Statistics: Current and past population statistics for Oregon inmates. Includes prison admissions by county, prison population trends, and inmate population profiles by sex, age, race, custody level, time to release, type of crime, etc.
Statistics: HIV in Prisons, 2003. Provides the number of HIV-positive and active AIDS cases among State and Federal prisoners at yearend 2003. This annual bulletin reports the number of AIDS-related deaths in prisons, a profile of those inmates who died, the number of female and male prisoners who were HIV-positive, and a comparison of AIDS rates for the general and prisoner populations. Historical data on AIDS cases are presented from 1998 and on AIDS deaths from 1995. Highlights include the following: Between 2002 and 2003 the number of HIV-positive prisoners decreased less than 1%, while the overall prison population grew 1.6% during the same period. At yearend 2003, 2.8% of all female State prison inmates were HIV positive, compared to 1.9% of males. In 2003, 282 prisoners died from AIDS-related causes -- 268 State inmates and 14 Federal inmates. 09/05 NCJ 210344 Acrobat file (337K) | ASCII file (34K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 60K)
Statistics: Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2005 Presents data on prison and jail inmates, collected from National Prisoner Statistics counts and the Census of Jail Inmates 2005. This annual report provides the number of inmates and the overall incarceration rate per 100,000 residents for each State and the Federal system. It offers trends since 1995 and percentage changes in prison populations since midyear and yearend 2004. The midyear report presents the number of prison inmates held in private facilities and the number of prisoners under 18 years of age held by State correctional authorities. It includes total numbers for prison and jail inmates by gender, race, and Hispanic origin as well as counts of jail inmates by conviction status and confinement status. The report also provides findings on rated capacity of local jails, percent of capacity occupied, and capacity added. Highlights include the following: From midyear 2004 to midyear 2005, the number of inmates in custody in local jails rose by 33,539; in State prison by 15,858; and Federal prison by 6,584. On June 30, 2005, a total of 2,266 State prisoners were under age 18. Adult jails held a total of 6,759 persons under age 18. An estimated 12% of black males, 3.7% of Hispanic males, and 1.7% of white males in their late twenties were in prison or jail (05/06) NCJ 213133 Press release | Acrobat file (337K) | ASCII file (34K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 60K)
Statistics: Sheriffs' Offices, 2003. Presents data collected from a representative sample of sheriffs' offices nationwide on a variety of agency characteristics based on the 2003 Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) survey. National estimates for sheriffs' offices are provided for such issues as staff and financial resources, technologies and equipment in use, and agency policies and practices covering a wide array of law enforcement and administrative concerns. Highlights include the following: In 2003 starting salaries for entry-level deputies ranged from an average of about $23,300 in the smallest jurisdictions to about $38,800 in the largest. From 1990 to 2003 the percentage of sheriffs' offices using infield computers increased from 6% to 55%. Ten percent of sheriffs' offices, employing 31% of all officers, maintained or created a written community policing plan during the 12-moth period ending June 30, 2003. 04/06 NCJ 211361 Acrobat file (729K) | ASCII file (34K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 60K)
Statistics: Suicide and Homicide in State Prisons and Local Jails. Describes historical trends in State prison and local jail inmate mortality rates based on inmate death records submitted by local jails (for 2000-2002) and State prisons (for 2001-2002). The report also compares current prison and jail mortality rates by demographic characteristics, offense types, and facility size and jurisdiction and compares the general population mortality rates with mortality rates in correctional facilities. Comparisons are made to both the raw mortality rates for the general population and those standardized to match the demographic makeup of the inmate populations. This report presents the first findings from the Deaths in Custody Reporting Program, which implements the Death in Custody Reporting Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-297). This new program involves the collection of individual records for every inmate death in the Nation’s local jails and State prisons. The program also includes the collection of death records from State juvenile correctional authorities (begun in 2002) and State and local law enforcement agencies (begun in 2003). For updated data, see Suicide and Homicide in Prisons and Jails in Key Facts at a Glance. Highlights include the following: * In 2002 the suicide rate in local jails (47 per 100,000 inmates) was over 3 times the rate in State prisons (14 per 100,000 inmates). * Homicide rates were similar in local jails (3 per 100,000) and State prisons (4 per 100,000). * Violent offenders in both local jails (92 per 100,000) and State prisons (19 per 100,000) had suicide rates over twice as high as those of nonviolent offenders (31 and 9 per 100,000 respectively). 08/05 NCJ 210036 Press release | Acrobat file (617K) | ASCII file (38K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 60K)
Statistics: Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2004. Presents data on prison and jail inmates, collected from National Prisoner Statistics counts and the Annual Survey of Jails in 2004. This annual report provides for each State and the Federal system, the number of inmates and the overall incarceration rate per 100,000 residents. It offers trends since 1995 and percentage changes in prison populations since midyear and yearend 2003. The midyear report presents the number of prison inmates held in private facilities and the number of prisoners under 18 years of age held by State correctional authorities. It includes total numbers for prison and jail inmates by gender, race, and Hispanic origin as well as counts of jail inmates by conviction status and confinement status. The report also provides findings on rated capacity of local jails, percent of capacity occupied, and capacity added. Standard errors for jail estimates are only provided in the appendix tables of the electronic version of this report. Highlights include the following: At midyear 2004-- The Nation's prisons and jails incarcerated over 2.1 million persons. In both jails and prisons, there were 123 female inmates per 100,000 women in the United States, compared to 1,348 male inmates per 100,000 men. A total of 2,477 State prisoners were under age 18. The number of inmates in custody in local jails rose by 22,689; in State prison by 15,375; and in Federal prison by 10,095. 04/05 NCJ 208801 Press release | Acrobat file (189K) | ASCII file (34K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 60K)
Statistics: Capital Punishment, 2003 Presents characteristics of persons under sentence of death on December 31, 2003, and of persons executed in 2003. Preliminary data on executions by States during 2004 are included, and the report summarizes the movement of prisoners into and out of death sentence status during 2003. Numerical tables present data on offenders' sex, race, Hispanic origin, education, marital status, age at time of arrest for capital offense, legal status at time of capital offense, methods of execution, trends, and time between imposition of death sentence and execution. Highlights include the following: At yearend 2003, 37 States and the Federal prison system held 3,374 prisoners under sentence of death, 188 fewer than at yearend 2002. Of those under sentence of death, 56% were white 42% were black, and 2% were of other races. Forty-seven women were under sentence of death in 2003, up from 38 in 1993. (November 2004). NCJ 206627. Press release | Acrobat file (539K) | ASCII file (26K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 39K)
Statistics: Federal Bureau of Prisons Quick Facts (updated January 2003).
Statistics: Federal Detainees. Office of the Federal Detention Trustee: The total number of federal detainees increased by an average of 12% annually, from 25,675 at fiscal year-end 1994 to 63,711 at fiscal year-end 2002. The number of detainees under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Marshals Service increased from 18,231 to 43,118. The number under the jurisdiction of the Immigration and Naturalization Service increased from 7,444 to 20,653. Tables and figures at this link include information about Persons held in federal detention, by agency with jurisdiction, 1994-2002, Persons admitted to federal detention and incarceration and fiscal year-end population, 1994-2002, Detainees under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Marshals Service and the Immigration and Naturalization Service, by type of facility, fiscal years 1994-2002 and Number of federal detainees, by location of facility, 2002.
Statistics: Monthly Statistical Reports: November 1999 - November 2003. A collection of the statistical reports prepared by the Alabama Department of Correction's Research, Monitoring and Evaluation Division. Detailed representations of department trends and activities such as inmate intakes and release, work release salaries, and personnel turnover. [PDF]
Statistics: Census of State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 2000 Provides information on facilities, inmates, programs, and staff of State and Federal correctional facilities throughout the Nation, and of private correctional facilities housing State or Federal inmates. Earlier censuses in this series were conducted in 1974, 1979, 1984, 1990, and 1995. Information was collected from prisons; prison boot camps; reception, diagnosis, and classification centers; prison forestry camps and farms; prison hospitals; youthful offender facilities (except in California); facilities for alcohol and drug treatment; work release and prerelease; and State-operated local detention facilities in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont. State-level data are presented on facility, inmate, and staff characteristics, as well as facility programs. Comparisons are made, when possible, with findings from the previous census conducted in 1995. Highlights include the following: The number of adult correctional facilities increased 14%, from1,464 at midyear 1995, when the previous census was conducted, to 1,668 at midyear 2000. In 2000, 264 privately operated facilities were under contract with State or Federal authorities to house prisoners -- an increase of 140%. The number of inmates held in these facilities rose 459% (from 16,663 inmates in June 1995 to 93,077 in June 2000). A total of 430,033 correctional staff were employed in State and Federal prisons on June 30, 2000. Nearly two-thirds of these staff (270,317) were correctional officers, responsible for custody/security. (August 2003) NCJ 198272 Acrobat file (733K - PDF) | ASCII file (47K) Spreadsheets (zip format 168K)
Statistics: "Prevalence of Imprisonment in the U.S. Population, 1974-2001." Presents estimates of the number of living persons in the United States who have ever been to State or Federal prison. Such estimates include persons in prison and on parole, as well as those previously incarcerated but no longer under parole supervision. The report also provides updated estimates of the lifetime chances of going to prison using standard demographic life table techniques. Such techniques project the likelihood of incarceration for persons born in 2001, assuming current incarceration rates continue until their death. Bureau of Justice Statistics, 12 pages (2003). [PDF] [Text file] [.html file]
Statistics: Prisoners in 2002. Reports the number of persons in State and Federal prisons at yearend, compares the increase in the prison population during 2002 with that of the previous year, and gives the prison growth rates since 1995. The report also provides the number of male and female prisoners on December 31, 2002. It includes incarceration rates for the States and the 5 highest and 5 lowest jurisdictions for selected characteristics, such as the growth rate, number of prisoners held, and incarceration rates. Tables present data on prison capacities and the use of local jails and privately operated prisons. Estimates are provided on the number of sentenced prisoners by offense, gender, race, and Hispanic origin. Bureau of Justice Statistics. NCJ 200248 July 27, 2003. Press release | Acrobat file (335K) | ASCII file (40K) Spreadsheets (zip format 46K)
Statistics: Quick Facts. Oregon Department of Corrections. (2 pages, June 2005). [PDF]
Statistics: "Jails in Indian Country, 2002." Bureau of Justice Statistics. Presents findings from the 2002 Survey of Jails in Indian Country, an enumeration of all 70 confinement facilities, detention centers, jails, and other facilities operated by tribal authorities or the Bureau of Indian Affairs. BJS conducted the survey on June 28, 2002, as part of the Annual Survey of Jails. The report presents data for each facility, including rated capacity, number of adults and juveniles held, number of persons under community supervision, number of persons confined on the last week day of each month since July 2001, average daily population during June, peak population during June, number of admissions in the last 30 days, inmate characteristics (such as conviction status, DWI/DUI offense, and seriousness of offense), number of inmate deaths, facility crowding, and jail staffing. Highlights include the following: At midyear 2002 jails in Indian country supervised 2,080 persons. Since 1998, the number of inmates in custody at midyear has increased by 26%, and rated capacity has increased 12%. Thirty-five percent of inmates were being held for a violent offense; 15% for domestic violence offense. 11/03 NCJ 198997 Acrobat file (278K) | ASCII file (21K) | Spreadsheets (zip format 63K)
Statistics: "Capital Punishment 2002." Bureau of Justice Statistics. Presents characteristics of persons under sentence of death on December 31, 2002, and of persons executed in 2002. Preliminary data on executions by States during 2003 are included, and the report summarizes the movement of prisoners into and out of death sentence status during 2002. Numerical tables present data on offenders' sex, race, Hispanic origin, education, marital status, age at time of arrest for capital offense, legal status at time of capital offense, methods of execution, trends, and time between imposition of death sentence and execution. Historical tables present executions since 1930 and sentencing since 1973. Highlights include the following: Of the 6,912 people under sentence of death between 1977 and 2002, 12% were executed, 4% died by causes other than execution, and 33% received other dispositions. Fifty-one women were under sentence of death in 2002, up from 36 in 1992. After declining for two years, the number of executions increased to 71 during 2002. 11/03 NCJ 201848 Press release | Acrobat file (335K) | ASCII file (25K) Spreadsheets (zip format 39K)
Statistics: Illinois Department of Corrections Year 2004 Statistical Data. [PDF]
Statistics: "Statistical Abstract of the United States 2003 Edition," U.S. Census Bureau (1030 pgs. Feb. 12. 2004). [PDF] (2001 and 2002 Editions also available online at the same location). 1995-2000 Editions. To order a print copy of the 2003 edition, click here.
Statistics: "Recidivism of Sex Offenders Released from Prison in 1994." Bureau of Justice Statistics. Presents, for the first time, data on the re-arrest, reconviction, and re-imprisonment of 9,691 male sex offenders, including 4,295 child molesters, who were tracked for 3 years after their release from prisons in 15 States in 1994. The 9,691 are two-thirds of all the male sex offenders released from prisons in the United States in 1994. The study represents the largest follow-up ever conducted of convicted sex offenders following discharge from prison and provides the most comprehensive assessment of their behavior after release. Highlights include the following: Within 3 years following their release, 5.3% of sex offenders (men who had committed rape or sexual assault) were re-arrested for another sex crime. On average the 9,691 sex offenders served 3 1/2 years of their 8-year sentence. Compared to non-sex offenders released from State prisons, released sex offenders were 4 times more likely to be re-arrested for a sex crime. The 9,691 released sex offenders included 4,295 men who were in prison for child molesting.11/03 NCJ 198281 Press release | Acrobat file (521K) | ASCII file (107K) Spreadsheets (zip format 76K)
Statistics: Quick Fact Sheet on Oregon Corrections (January 2004). 2 pgs. [PDF] Summaries of quick facts and statistics regarding employees, inmates, departmental finances, community supervised offenders, inmate work, inmates in youth authority custody, and projections concerning prison population from today (12,852) to July 2013 (16,481). A list of Oregon correctional facilities, their superintendents, their addresses, and the amount of their annual budgets is also provided.
Statistics: California Department of Corrections: Facts and Figures (2nd Quarter 2004). Facts about the budget, staff, and offenders in California's correctional facilities, as well as community corrections and parole.
Statistics: Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2003. Presents data on prison and jail inmates, collected from National Prisoner Statistics counts and the Annual Survey of Jails in 2003. (May 27, 2004). Highlights include: Prison population increased by 40,983, the largest increase in 4 years; At midyear 2003, a total of 3,006 State prisoners were under age 18; Adult jails held a total of 6,869 persons under age 18; Local jails were operating 6% below their rated capacity. In contrast, at yearend 2002, State prisons were operating 1% and 17% above capacity, and Federal prisons were 33% above their rated capacity. In the year ending June 30, 2003, the smaller State prison systems had the greatest percentage increase: Vermont (up 12.2%), Minnesota (up 9.4%), and Maine (up 9.1%). NCJ 203947. Report is available in both .PDF and plain text versions, and spreadsheets of data are also downloadable at the link given.
Statistics: State Prison Expenditures, 2001 Presents comparative data on the cost of operating the Nation's State prisons. The study is based on institutional corrections elements of the Fiscal 2001 Survey of Government Finances which State budget officers reported to the U.S. Census Bureau. (June 2004). State-level spending is presented on prison employee salaries and wages; employer contributions to employee benefits; supplies, contractual services, and other operating costs; and capital expenditures, e.g. building construction, renovations, major repairs, and land purchases. Additional data reveal amounts spent on food, inmate medical care, utilities, and contractual services. Highlights include the following: Prison operations consumed about 77% of State correctional costs in FY 2001. State correctional expenditures increased 145% in 2001 constant dollars from $15.6 billion in FY 1986 to 38.2 billion in FY 2001; prison expenditures increased 150% from $11.7 billion to $29.5 billion. Spending on medical care for State prisoners totaled $3.3 billion, or 12% of ope